Without that part, your wheel won't turn smoothly once it's torqued up so that's a dead giveaway.
But there's something else as well. When you normally torque up the wheel nut, the axial load induced by the torque should run via the inner race of the 3 bearings and the spacers between these inner races (#8 and #13) through to the other side. In other words: a straight shot along the axle. But as you mounted the wheel without #8, you have now changed this load path, crossing over from the middle bearing inner race, via the bearing balls themselves. to the outer race and to the wheel hub. The hub and sprocket carrier are then compressed together. And at the sprocket carrier you do the same: crossover the load from the sprocket carrier via the outer race and bearing balls to the inner race. This introduces a sideways load on the ball bearings for which they are not designed and that can ruin them very quickly.
I hope you did not torque up the axle yet, but if you did, take things apart and check the smoothness of the two bearings on the sprocket side (one in the wheel hub, one in the sprocket carrier). If in any doubt, replace them.
Oh, and when you put in the spacer, check the correct orientation. Loads of people have inserted the spacer the wrong way round, which leads to essentially the same problem.